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	<title>Complexidade</title>
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	<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com</link>
	<description>As "estórias" de um estudante de Ciências da Complexidade.</description>
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		<title>Complexidade</title>
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		<title>Mudança de Casa</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/02/01/mudanca-de-casa/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/02/01/mudanca-de-casa/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2009 22:33:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/02/01/mudanca-de-casa/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Decidi fechar este Blog&#8230; os Post foram transferidos para o meu site pessoal onde para além de complexidade falo também de muitas outras coisas. Por favor actualize os seus bookmarks para http://sixhat.net onde continuarei a falar de complexidade, redes e simulação multi-agente.
       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=68&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Decidi fechar este Blog&#8230; os Post foram transferidos para o meu site pessoal onde para além de complexidade falo também de muitas outras coisas. Por favor actualize os seus bookmarks para <a title="Sixhat Pirate Parts" href="http://sixhat.net">http://sixhat.net</a> onde continuarei a falar de complexidade, redes e simulação multi-agente.</p>
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		<title>Coincidência</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/01/29/coincidencia/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/01/29/coincidencia/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Jan 2009 12:22:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[
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		<title>Detecting Communities in Science Blogs</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/01/11/detecting-communities-in-science-blogs/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/01/11/detecting-communities-in-science-blogs/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 11 Jan 2009 00:26:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Detecting Communities in Science Blogs
       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=62&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><div id="__ss_836489" style="width:425px;text-align:left;"><a title="Detecting Communities in Science Blogs" href="http://www.slideshare.net/cpikas/detecting-communities-in-science-blogs-presentation?type=powerpoint">Detecting Communities in Science Blogs</a></div>
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		<title>Jogo da Vida &#8211; John Conway</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/01/03/jogo-da-vida-john-conway/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/01/03/jogo-da-vida-john-conway/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 03 Jan 2009 11:06:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Autómatos Celulares]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conferências]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[
Estive a preparar alguns vídeos demostrativos para a WSCS. Este é o do jogo da vida do John Conway. Trata-se de um jogo de zero jogadores uma vez que o resultado é ditado à priori pela disposição das células vivas (a amarelo). As regras deste automato celular são muito simples:
1. Qualquer célula com menos que [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=60&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><script type='text/javascript' src='http://blip.tv/syndication/write_player?skin=js&#038;posts_id=1640998&#038;cross_post_destination=-1&#038;view=full_js'></script></p>
<p>Estive a preparar alguns vídeos demostrativos para a WSCS. Este é o do jogo da vida do John Conway. Trata-se de um jogo de zero jogadores uma vez que o resultado é ditado à priori pela disposição das células vivas (a amarelo). As regras deste automato celular são muito simples:</p>
<p>1. Qualquer célula com menos que dois vizinhos morre de solidão.<br />
2. Qualquer célula com mais do que 3 vizinhos morre de sufoco.<br />
3. Qualquer célula com 2 ou 3 vizinhos vive no próximo tick.<br />
4. Qualquer célula (viva ou morta) com exactamente 3 vizinhos vive no próximo tick.</p>
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		<title>Agent Based Simulation Frameworks</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/01/02/agent-based-simulation-frameworks/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2009/01/02/agent-based-simulation-frameworks/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Jan 2009 17:37:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Although the in Silico multi-agent simulations can be produced in almost any programming language, there are several frameworks available for doing Social Simulation that allow for an easy start. They make it easy to implement concepts like scheduling of events or actions, discrete or continuous worlds, network simulation and data output. Some even include analysis [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=58&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Although the <em>in Silico</em> <a class="zem_slink" title="Agent-based model" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model">multi-agent</a> simulations can be produced in almost any <a class="zem_slink" title="Programming language" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language">programming language</a>, there are several frameworks available for doing Social Simulation that allow for an easy start. They make it easy to implement concepts like scheduling of events or actions, discrete or continuous worlds, network simulation and data output. Some even include analysis modules that do some sort of data analysis within the simulation.  Some of the most important frameworks for social simulation are outlined here with some personal comments:</p>
<p><a title="Mason" href="http://www.cs.gmu.edu/%7Eeclab/projects/mason/" target="_blank">Mason</a> &#8211; Is a fast discrete-event multiagent simulation library written in <a class="zem_slink" title="Java (programming language)" rel="homepage" href="http://java.sun.com">Java</a>. It separates the models completely from the visualization modules allowing them to be deployed on a variety of platforms. Also models can be checkpointed for latter use, and the simulations recovered at a latter time. It requires some knowledge of Java programming.</p>
<p><a title="Repast (modeling toolkit)" rel="wikipedia" href="http://repast.sourceforge.net/">Repast</a> &#8211; With the latest version of Repast (Simphony) this framework as taken a new approach to Model development with a Java point-and-click model development and execution, allowing the development of Models for newcomers to programming, although models can still be written in the “old way” if one prefers. It is probably the framework that includes the highest number of libraries related with simulation available to use.</p>
<p><a href="http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/" target="_blank">Netlogo</a> &#8211; This is a simulation environment that is probably the easiest to learn without previous programming experience. Although written in Java, the modeling language is derived from the Logo language. Also, it allows for rapid testing of ideas as the mix of point and click elements, simple language and use of “turtles” as a metaphor for agents allows models to be built in a fraction of time of other languages. There exists another similar environment for modeling based in the Logo Language called <a title="StarLogo" rel="wikipedia" href="http://education.mit.edu/starlogo/">StarLogo</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.swarm.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span class="zem_slink">Swarm</span></a> &#8211; This is self-called a platform instead of a framework. The main reason is that besides de software in itself there is a vast community of users and developers that share their ideas and experience in a Wiki style website. The Library is written in <a class="zem_slink" title="Objective-C" rel="wikipedia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-C">Objective-C</a> and therefore might be a bit of a step to get into. It is one of the oldest Libraries developed for agent based simulation and seams that since 2005 it isn’t being actively developed, although many researchers still use it in their models. You also can use Java to program and use the Swarm Library, but you’ll have to compile Swarm with Java support yourself.</p>
<p>This list is far from completeness. I&#8217;ll try to update this list with more frameworks and comments. If you would like to add a review or some comment on any kind of framework please leave a comment or send it to me at <strong>david &#8212; at &#8212; sixhat &#8212; dot &#8212; net</strong></p>
<p><em>This article was writen to the <a title="Complexity Sciences Winter School" href="http://idpcc.dcti.iscte.pt/ws2009/" target="_blank">Complexity Sciences Winter School Blog</a></em></p>
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		<title>Blog da Winter School 2009</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/12/14/blog-da-winter-school-2009/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 14 Dec 2008 21:15:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[complexidade]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[winter school]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Vai decorrer em Janeiro a Winter School in Complexity do ISCTE. Foi criado um Blog para acompanhar as sessões e embora seja vocacionado para os participantes da Winter School, tem informação útil para quem estiver interessado em Complexidade, nomeadamente em redes.

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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Vai decorrer em Janeiro a <a href="http://idpcc.dcti.iscte.pt/ws2009/">Winter School in Complexity</a> do <a class="zem_slink" title="ISCTE" rel="geolocation" href="http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.7488888889,-9.15388888889&amp;spn=1.0,1.0&amp;q=38.7488888889,-9.15388888889%20%28ISCTE%29&amp;t=h">ISCTE</a>. Foi criado um <a href="http://complexityscienceswinterschool2009.wordpress.com/">Blog</a> para acompanhar as sessões e embora seja vocacionado para os participantes da Winter School, tem informação útil para quem estiver interessado em Complexidade, nomeadamente em redes.</p>
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		<title>Swarm para Intel Mac</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/09/29/swarm-para-intel-mac/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/09/29/swarm-para-intel-mac/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Sep 2008 14:10:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Uma plataforma de modelação de agentes pode ser mais ou menos útil até ser confrontada com a realidade da mudança. O caso do swarm é paradigmático porque quem pretender utiliza-lo hoje em dia num Mac leva com a mensagem de que funciona com Macs PowerPC e que no caso dos Intel funcionará sob o Rosetta [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=54&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Uma plataforma de modelação de agentes pode ser mais ou menos útil até ser confrontada com a realidade da mudança. O caso do <a href="http://www.swarm.org/index.php/Swarm:_MacOS_X_binaries" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">swarm</a> é paradigmático porque quem pretender utiliza-lo hoje em dia num Mac leva com a mensagem de que funciona com Macs PowerPC e que no caso dos Intel funcionará sob o Rosetta (emulação). Sendo que a Apple já mudou de plataforma vai fazer 3 anos, e entretanto já lançou um sistema operativo novo&#8230; isto mostra que o <a href="http://www.swarm.org/index.php/Swarm:_MacOS_X_binaries" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Swarm</a> simplesmente está parado no tempo e não tem developers interessados no projecto, infelizmente.</p>
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		<title>Uma iniciação rápida ao LaTeX</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/uma-iniciacao-rapida-ao-latex/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/08/20/uma-iniciacao-rapida-ao-latex/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 20 Aug 2008 22:05:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[LaTeX]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/?p=52</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A escrita de documentos científicos e mais propriamente a minha tese está a ser feita em LaTeX. A vantagem? Não tenho que me preocupar com formatações e a inserção de fórmulas matemáticas é muito facilitada. A desvantagem? A curva de aprendizagem inicial é um pouco íngreme, mas pode-se sempre recorrer à inúmera documentação existente online. [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=52&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>A escrita de documentos científicos e mais propriamente a minha tese está a ser feita em LaTeX. A vantagem? Não tenho que me preocupar com formatações e a inserção de fórmulas matemáticas é muito facilitada. A desvantagem? A curva de aprendizagem inicial é um pouco íngreme, mas pode-se sempre recorrer à inúmera documentação existente online.  Um dos recursos muito práticos existentes online particularmente orientado para produção de formulação matemática é o <a href="http://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/LaTeXPrimer/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Getting Started with LaTeX, da escola de matemática de Dublin</a>.</p>
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		<title>Simphony 1.1 e Netlogo 4.0.3</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/08/17/simphony-11-e-netlogo-403/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/08/17/simphony-11-e-netlogo-403/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 17 Aug 2008 13:01:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Repast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Software]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/?p=44</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Já estão actualizados para agora incorporar ferramentas de SIGs&#8230; No caso do Repast Simphony da NASA World Wind e no NetLogo a extensão de SIGs está já incluída.
Estas são talvez as duas ferramentas mais utilizadas em simulação multi-agente e embora o Repast tenha optado pela escolha do eclipse para base ( o que a mim [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=44&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Já estão actualizados para agora incorporar ferramentas de SIGs&#8230; No caso do <a href="http://repast.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Repast Simphony</a> da NASA World Wind e no <a href="http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">NetLogo</a> a extensão de SIGs está já incluída.</p>
<p>Estas são talvez as duas ferramentas mais utilizadas em simulação multi-agente e embora o Repast tenha optado pela escolha do eclipse para base ( o que a mim me faz confusão ) continua a ser um dos toolkits mais simpático para ABM. O Netlogo por outro lado apesar da sua simplicidade continua a oferecer um ambiente de desenvolvimento rápido, nomeadamente para o desenhar de protótipos, muito embora a linguagem utilizada (logo) não seja muito simpática para quem já programa há algum tempo. Em todo o caso é altura de actualizar o software que por aqui anda.</p>
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		<title>Conferência sobre Redes em Barcelona em Dezembro&#8230;</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/08/16/conferencia-sobre-redes-em-barcelona-em-dezembro/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/08/16/conferencia-sobre-redes-em-barcelona-em-dezembro/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 16 Aug 2008 19:35:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Conferências]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[A BCNet Workshop decorre entre 10-12 de Dezembro deste ano sendo que a inscrição e submissão de abstracts será feita até 1 de Novembro e a inscrição a 15 de Outubro&#8230; (Early Registration) ou 1 de Dezembro (Late Registration)
       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=42&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>A <a href="http://complex.ffn.ub.es/bcnetworkshop/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">BCNet Workshop</a> decorre entre 10-12 de Dezembro deste ano sendo que a inscrição e submissão de abstracts será feita até 1 de Novembro e a inscrição a 15 de Outubro&#8230; (Early Registration) ou 1 de Dezembro (Late Registration)</p>
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		<title>Desenhar e converter grafos em Python</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/08/13/desenhar-e-converter-grafos-em-python/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/08/13/desenhar-e-converter-grafos-em-python/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 Aug 2008 12:23:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Grafos]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/?p=40</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[O python facilita muito a vida para desenvolvimento rápido de grafos e redes, principalmente quando estas tem que ser construídas a partir de ficheiros externos de dados. Normalmente uma combinação do python com o awk pode resolver todos os problemas numa fracção do tempo que outras linguagens pediriam.
No entanto para trabalhar e desenhar redes há [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=40&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>O python facilita muito a vida para desenvolvimento rápido de grafos e redes, principalmente quando estas tem que ser construídas a partir de ficheiros externos de dados. Normalmente uma combinação do python com o awk pode resolver todos os problemas numa fracção do tempo que outras linguagens pediriam.</p>
<p>No entanto para trabalhar e desenhar redes há dois pacotes que decidi serem importantes:</p>
<p>* <a href="https://networkx.lanl.gov/wiki" target="_blank">netowrkx</a> &#8211; está excelente desde que se utilize a versão SVN as versões normais para download tem 1 bug muito importante que é não ser possível exportar os grafos para um formato que se possa utilizar posteriormente. Na versão do SVN esse problema parece já estar corrigido e portanto pode-se utilizar o pacote para exportar o grafo no formato GML</p>
<p>* <a href="http://pynetconv.sourceforge.net/" target="_blank">pyNetConv</a> &#8211; Este software pode ser integrado como módulo mas tem também uma GUI para fazer conversões entre formatos de redes. A minha utilização serve para converter o formato GML para Pajek (.net) uma vez que algum software que utilizo não conhece o GML.</p>
<p>Com estes dois pacotes é possível utilizar python para redes. De outra forma, continuaria a ser possível mas um pouco mais complicado&#8230;</p>
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		<title>Páginas de Investigadores</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/08/12/paginas-de-investigadores/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/08/12/paginas-de-investigadores/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 12 Aug 2008 13:28:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/?p=34</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Holger Ebel &#8211; Tem dois papers interessantes: Dynamics of Social Networks e Scale-Free topology of email networks.
Mark Newman &#8211; Professor de física na Universidade do Michigan. Este homem é só Redes, Redes, Redes&#8230;
Ulrike von Luxburg &#8211; Faz parte do Max Plank Institute for Biological Cybernetics, tem um artigo técnico de 30 páginas a discutir a [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=34&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><a href="http://www.theo-physik.uni-kiel.de/~ebel/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Holger Ebel</a> &#8211; Tem dois papers interessantes: Dynamics of Social Networks e Scale-Free topology of email networks.<br />
<a href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mark Newman</a> &#8211; Professor de física na Universidade do Michigan. Este homem é só Redes, Redes, Redes&#8230;<br />
<a href="http://www.kyb.mpg.de/~ule" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Ulrike von Luxburg</a> &#8211; Faz parte do Max Plank Institute for Biological Cybernetics, tem um artigo técnico de 30 páginas a discutir a utilização de decomposição hierárquica espectral para determinação de comunidades, convenientemente intitulado: <strong><a href="http://www.kyb.mpg.de/publication.html?publ=4139" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">A Tutorial on Spectral Clustering</a></strong>. Para além disso o artigo aborda ainda as vantagens e desvantagens de diversos algoritmos de clustering&#8230;<br />
<a href="http://www.stat.washington.edu/mmp/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Mariana Meila</a> &#8211; Professora Assistente na Universidade de Washington. O site inclui uma série de artigos sobre Spectral Clustering, alguns que escreveu com Susan Shortreed (ver a seguir)<br />
<a href="http://www.stat.washington.edu/susanms/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Susan Shortreed</a> &#8211; Tem um tese em Learning in Spectral Clustering. e escreveu com Marina Meila &#8220;Unsupervised Spectral Learning&#8221;. Ambos podem ser encontrados nas publicações sobre <a href="http://www.stat.washington.edu/spectral/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Spectral Clustering da Universidade Washington.</a></p>
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		<title>Formalismo matemático para modelação baseada em agentes</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/03/05/formalismo-matematico-para-modelacao-baseada-em-agentes/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/03/05/formalismo-matematico-para-modelacao-baseada-em-agentes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Mar 2008 12:36:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Um paper escrito para a Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science, Springer Verlag, 2008 aborda o problema do formalismo matemático utilizado em simulação de agentes.
Abstract: Many complex systems can be modeled as multiagent systems in which the constituent entities (agents) interact with each other. The global dynamics of such a system is determined by the [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=33&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Um paper escrito para a <em>Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science, Springer Verlag, 2008</em> aborda o problema do formalismo matemático utilizado em simulação de agentes.</p>
<p>Abstract: <cite>Many complex systems can be modeled as multiagent systems in which the constituent entities (agents) interact with each other. The global dynamics of such a system is determined by the nature of the local interactions among the agents. Since it is difficult to formally analyze complex multiagent systems, they are often studied through computer simulations. While computer simulations can be very useful, results obtained through simulations do not formally validate the observed behavior. Thus, there is a need for a mathematical framework which one can use to represent multiagent systems and formally establish their properties. This work contains a brief exposition of some known mathematical frameworks that can model multiagent systems. The focus is on one such framework, namely that of finite dynamical systems. Both, deterministic and stochastic versions of this framework are discussed. The paper contains a sampling of the mathematical results from the literature to show how finite dynamical systems can be used to carry out a rigorous study of the properties of multiagent systems and it is shown how the framework can also serve as a universal model for computation.</cite></p>
<p>O PDF está disponível em 	<a href="http://uk.arxiv.org/abs/0801.0249v1" rel="nofollow" rel="prefetch" target="_blank">arXiv:0801.0249v1</a> </p>
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		<title>Repast Simphony só com Eclipse</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/01/11/repast-simphony-so-com-eclipse/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/01/11/repast-simphony-so-com-eclipse/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Jan 2008 20:51:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[eclipse]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Java]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Repast]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[simphony]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Estive hoje num Workshop sobre Complexidade em Sistemas Sociais, que vai decorrer até amanhã no ISCTE. Vários investigadores vieram mostrar os seus trabalhos e entre eles vários mostraram simulações executadas em Repast. 
Para quem não sabe, o Repast é uma biblioteca Java para facilitar a vida na programação de sistemas multi-agente. 
Ora acontece que o [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=32&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Estive hoje num <a href="http://labmag.di.fc.ul.pt/icc/wcss/" rel="prefetch" target="_blank">Workshop sobre Complexidade em Sistemas Sociais</a>, que vai decorrer até amanhã no ISCTE. Vários investigadores vieram mostrar os seus trabalhos e entre eles vários mostraram simulações executadas em Repast. </p>
<p>Para quem não sabe, o <a href="http://repast.sourceforge.net/" rel="nofollow" rel="prefetch" target="_blank">Repast</a> é uma biblioteca Java para facilitar a vida na programação de sistemas multi-agente. </p>
<p>Ora acontece que o Repast está agora na versão Simphony 1.0. A criação desta versão foi uma grande alteração em relação à anterior 3.1 (sim, a numeração é mesmo assim&#8230; O Simphony é um &#8220;novo&#8221; produto) uma vez que agora o Simphony deixou de ser uma biblioteca java que podia ser logo utilizada, para agora ser um pacote com o editor <a href="http://www.eclipse.org/" rel="nofollow" rel="prefetch" target="_blank">Eclipse</a> integrado. Isto não facilita em nada a utilização do Repast, uma vez que quem até agora não utilizava o Eclipse não pode desde logo continuar a utilizar o mesmo IDE para o desenvolvimento das suas simulações. </p>
<p>Mas isto podia ser embirração minha com o eclipse, mas ao falar hoje com quem lida mais com a ferramenta, a opinião é quase unânime: &#8220;Foi erro acoplar o Repast o Eclipse. É mais pesado, lento e obriga a aprendizagem do Eclipse por parte de quem programa noutras linguagens. O Download também aumentou de tamanho (por culpa do Eclipse) e as funcionalidades 3D não são suficientes para justificar tanta chatice&#8221;. Muitos dizem mesmo que continuam a utilizar a versão 3.1 e que não pensam fazer o upgrade&#8230;</p>
<p>Isto mostra um pouco que o acoplamento do que até agora era uma boa biblioteca de java a um editor particular vai afastar algumas pessoas. Naturalmente que para utilizava o Eclipse anteriormente isto não coloca problemas, mas nem todos estão dispostos a fazer esta transição.</p>
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		<title>Mathematical Tools For Forecasting Stock Market Work For Ecology Too</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/01/10/mathematical-tools-for-forecasting-stock-market-work-for-ecology-too/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/01/10/mathematical-tools-for-forecasting-stock-market-work-for-ecology-too/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 10 Jan 2008 16:23:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Mathematical Tools For Forecasting Stock Market Work For Ecology Too: &#8220;Unlike financial stocks, where trades are meticulously recorded, scientists began estimating animal populations only a few decades ago. But a new technique makes it possible to use the same tools some banks use to forecast the stock market and apply them to ecology&#8221;
Vencer o jogo [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=31&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><blockquote><p><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080104171618.htm">Mathematical Tools For Forecasting Stock Market Work For Ecology Too</a>: &#8220;Unlike financial stocks, where trades are meticulously recorded, scientists began estimating animal populations only a few decades ago. But a new technique makes it possible to use the same tools some banks use to forecast the stock market and apply them to ecology&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>Vencer o jogo da bolsa é o grande desafio de quem trabalha em economia. Garantidamente meio caminho andado para um Nobel da economia. Mas as ferramentas utilizadas no estudo e previsão dos mercados podem ser também utilizados. Neste artigo os autores utilizaram um técnica denominada &#8220;Dewdrop Regression&#8221; (Como é que isto se traduz?) para estimar as populações de peixes obtendo excelentes resultados.  </p>
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			<media:title type="html">sixhat</media:title>
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		<title>Links Complexidade</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/01/03/links-complexidade/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/01/03/links-complexidade/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 03 Jan 2008 23:49:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[complexidade]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/2008/01/03/links-complexidade/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Biology-Inspired techniques for Self-Organization in dynamic Networks
Complexity of Modern Network Information Systems&#8230;.
COSI &#8211; Complexity in Social Science
Possui um glossário com definições úteis das ciências da complexidade.
Mais uma definição de complexidade e outras definições úteis 
A definition would be nice.  So would an ordinal if not a cardinal measure.  Is it clear that humans [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=30&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><a href="http://www.cs.unibo.it/bison/index.shtml" target="_blank">Biology-Inspired techniques for Self-Organization in dynamic Networks</a></p>
<p>Complexity of Modern Network Information Systems&#8230;.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.irit.fr/COSI/" target="_blank">COSI &#8211; Complexity in Social Science</a></p>
<p>Possui um glossário com definições úteis das ciências da complexidade.</p>
<p><a href="http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/notebooks/complexity.html" target="_blank">Mais uma definição de complexidade e outras definições úteis </a></p>
<blockquote><p>A definition would be nice.  <a href="http://cscs.umich.edu/%7Ecrshalizi/notebooks/complexity-measures.html">So would an ordinal if not a cardinal measure</a>.  Is it clear that humans are more complex than whales?  Than chimpanzees?  Than <a href="http://www.labyrinth.net.au/%7Edewart/bizarre.htm">termites</a>?  Than termite mounds?</p></blockquote>
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		<title>El Farol</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/12/17/el-farol/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/12/17/el-farol/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 Dec 2007 14:16:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[
       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=29&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
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		<title>Repast Simphony 1.0</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/12/08/repast-simphony-10/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/12/08/repast-simphony-10/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 08 Dec 2007 20:05:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Já está disponível o Repast Simphony para simulação baseada em agentes&#8230; mas&#8230; parece que alguém se enganou&#8230; porque 314MB de Download? estão a gozar comigo&#8230; é bom que isto não seja só eye candy senão fico-me pelo repast 3 ou mudou-me para outra framework&#8230;
       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=28&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Já está disponível o <a href="http://repast.sourceforge.net/index.html" rel="nofollow" rel="prefetch" target="_blank">Repast Simphony para simulação baseada em agentes</a>&#8230; mas&#8230; parece que alguém se enganou&#8230; porque 314MB de Download? estão a gozar comigo&#8230; é bom que isto não seja só eye candy senão fico-me pelo repast 3 ou mudou-me para outra framework&#8230;</p>
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		<title>Algum Software para estudo de Redes</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/11/22/algum-software-para-estudo-de-redes/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/11/22/algum-software-para-estudo-de-redes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 22 Nov 2007 12:57:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/11/22/algum-software-para-estudo-de-redes/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Última actualização: 13/08/2008
Hancock &#8211; Linux
Linguagem baseada em C da AT&#38;T destinada a trabalhar dados que sejam uniformes em quantidade.
Open Graph Drawing Framework
Biblioteca em C++ para gerar automaticamente diagramas, utilizando diversos algoritmos
uDraw(Graph)
Criação de gráficos, diagramas e visualização de estruturas
Collective Dynamics Group
Lista de software na universidade de Columbia
Network WorkBench
Software para análise, modelação e visualização de redes de [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=27&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Última actualização: 13/08/2008</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.research.att.com/~kfisher/hancock/" target="_blank">Hancock</a> &#8211; Linux<br />
Linguagem baseada em C da AT&amp;T destinada a trabalhar dados que sejam uniformes em quantidade.</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ogdf.net/ogdf.php" target="_blank">Open Graph Drawing Framework</a><br />
Biblioteca em C++ para gerar automaticamente diagramas, utilizando diversos algoritmos</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.informatik.uni-bremen.de/uDrawGraph/en/index.html" target="_blank">uDraw(Graph)</a><br />
Criação de gráficos, diagramas e visualização de estruturas</p>
<p><a rel="nofollow" href="http://cdg.columbia.edu/cdg/software" target="_blank">Collective Dynamics Group</a><br />
Lista de software na universidade de Columbia</p>
<p><a title="Network Workbench" href="http://nwb.slis.indiana.edu/index.html" target="_blank">Network WorkBench</a></p>
<p>Software para análise, modelação e visualização de redes de grande escala: A minha primeira impressão é que é muito bom, implementando muitos dos algoritmos de visualização mais utilizados.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">sixhat</media:title>
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		<title>Brincando com Redes</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/11/19/brincando-com-redes/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/11/19/brincando-com-redes/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Nov 2007 18:42:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/11/19/brincando-com-redes/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
O meu trabalho de Tese vai andar em torno de Redes. Aqui está um exemplo do que ando a fazer. A minha rede social do Twitter&#8230; Nada mau.
       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=26&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/dr/2048034334/" title="My Twitter Social Ego Networks by sixhat, on Flickr"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2060/2048034334_22b098c829.jpg" width="500" height="488" alt="My Twitter Social Ego Networks" /></a></p>
<p>O meu trabalho de Tese vai andar em torno de Redes. Aqui está um exemplo do que ando a fazer. A minha rede social do Twitter&#8230; Nada mau.</p>
<img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/categories/complexu.wordpress.com/26/" /> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/tags/complexu.wordpress.com/26/" /> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/complexu.wordpress.com/26/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/complexu.wordpress.com/26/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/complexu.wordpress.com/26/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/complexu.wordpress.com/26/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/complexu.wordpress.com/26/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/complexu.wordpress.com/26/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/complexu.wordpress.com/26/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/complexu.wordpress.com/26/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/complexu.wordpress.com/26/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/complexu.wordpress.com/26/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=26&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" /></div>]]></content:encoded>
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			<media:title type="html">sixhat</media:title>
		</media:content>

		<media:content url="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2060/2048034334_22b098c829.jpg" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">My Twitter Social Ego Networks</media:title>
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		<title>Cancer Growth</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/05/18/cancer-growth/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/05/18/cancer-growth/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 18 May 2007 14:22:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Mestrado]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cancer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[modelos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tumor]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/05/18/cancer-growth/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Para o trabalho final deste ano ando a perceber como é que posso integrar a complexidade da biologia num modelo, ou antes como desenhar um modelo de inspiração biológica que seja equilibrado entre o tempo que tenho para o fazer, a complexidade da biologia e a aproximação aos conceitos da complexidade. Ah! já agora dava [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=25&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Para o trabalho final deste ano ando a perceber como é que posso integrar a complexidade da biologia num modelo, ou antes como desenhar um modelo de inspiração biológica que seja equilibrado entre o tempo que tenho para o fazer, a complexidade da biologia e a aproximação aos conceitos da complexidade. Ah! já agora dava jeito que fosse minimamente útil.</p>
<p>Andei a ler alguns papers sobre o desenvolvimento cancerígeno e decidi experimentar algumas ideias num modelo em NetLogo. O Boneco até que é engraçado, mas olhando para o que está por detrás do modelo&#8230; Aquilo afinal são umas regras muito básicas&#8230; e conseguir mapear aquilo com a realidade seria um esforço infrutífero. Em todo o caso se quiserem ver o modelo a funcionar podem ir ao seguinte link:</p>
<p><a href="http://david.topdospods.com/mestrado/difusao.html">Tumor Growth</a></p>
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			<media:title type="html">sixhat</media:title>
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		<title>Lendo:</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/05/07/lendo/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/05/07/lendo/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 May 2007 17:07:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/05/07/lendo/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Simulation of Multicellular Tumor Spheroids Growth by Cellular Automata with Asynchronous Update.
Branislav Brutovsky, Denis Horvath and Vladimir Lisy
The cellular automata with asynchronous update are used to generate the close-to-circular 2-dimensional objects revealing the desired features, such as the velocity of the growth and the fractal behavior of their contours. The approach enables to reproduce and [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=24&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><strong>Simulation of Multicellular Tumor Spheroids Growth by Cellular Automata with Asynchronous Update.</strong><br />
Branislav Brutovsky, Denis Horvath and Vladimir Lisy</p>
<p>The cellular automata with asynchronous update are used to generate the close-to-circular 2-dimensional objects revealing the desired features, such as the velocity of the growth and the fractal behavior of their contours. The approach enables to reproduce and analyze some of the recent findings in morphometric analysis of real tumors with the possible implications for cancer research. The technique is based on cellular automata paradigm with the transition rules searched for by genetic algorithms.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">sixhat</media:title>
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		<title>Tudo atrasado!</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/04/26/tudo-atrasado/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/04/26/tudo-atrasado/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2007 23:50:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[dia a dia]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/04/26/tudo-atrasado/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Anda tudo parado pelo meu lado do mestrado. Embora tenha um caminho pela frente que mais ou menos vou vislumbrando, tudo o resto parece estar preso a um chão demasiado firme&#8230; Tenho que me soltar&#8230;
       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=23&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Anda tudo parado pelo meu lado do mestrado. Embora tenha um caminho pela frente que mais ou menos vou vislumbrando, tudo o resto parece estar preso a um chão demasiado firme&#8230; Tenho que me soltar&#8230;</p>
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			<media:title type="html">sixhat</media:title>
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		<title>Matemática do Linux</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/03/19/matematica-do-linux/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/03/19/matematica-do-linux/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Mar 2007 08:24:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Bak-Sneppen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[matemática]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/03/19/matematica-do-linux/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Embora seja o melhor sistema operativo do planeta, a percepção que se tem da utilização e da procura do linux nem sempre é compreendida. O site distrowatch.com possui um ranking das várias distribuições de linux que permite ao utilizador perceber o &#8220;momentum&#8221; que cada distro vive.
Este ranking é baseado no número de Page Hits e [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=21&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p>Embora seja o melhor sistema operativo do planeta, a percepção que se tem da utilização e da procura do linux nem sempre é compreendida. O site <a href="http://distrowatch.com/">distrowatch.com</a> possui um ranking das várias distribuições de linux que permite ao utilizador perceber o &#8220;momentum&#8221; que cada distro vive.</p>
<p>Este ranking é baseado no número de Page Hits e embora não sendo rigoroso quanto à penetração no mercado das várias distros, permite ter uma ideia geral sobre o assunto. Tendo andado a brincar recentemente com leis de escala e leis sem escala, decidi olhar para <a href="http://distrowatch.com/stats.php?section=popularity">estes rankings</a> sob a perspectiva da matemática.</p>
<p><span id="more-21"></span> Antes de começar o estudo do <a href="http://distrowatch.com/stats.php?section=popularity">ranking da distrowatch</a>, tinha uma ideia que queria confirmar. Será que o número de page hits de cada distribuição obedece a uma lei de potências?</p>
<p><img src='http://s1.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y%3DAx%5EB&#038;bg=fff&#038;fg=1c1c1c&#038;s=0' alt='y=Ax^B' title='y=Ax^B' class='latex' /></p>
<p>O tipo de fenómeno parecia ajustar-se perfeitamente a estas leis pelo que o primeiro passo foi representar o histograma do page hits em função da posição no ranking. O distrowatch possui um Top 100 na página inicial, mas permite também aceder às <a href="http://distrowatch.com/stats.php?section=popularity">listagens completas</a> e assim escolhi utilizar os dados dos últimos 12 meses para fazer esta análise.</p>
<p>A representação do dados num gráfico mostrou logo que estava no bom caminho:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/dr/425574126/" title="Photo Sharing"><img src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/148/425574126_93172885d9_o.png" alt="histograma" height="291" width="363" /></a></p>
<p><img src='http://s2.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Fig.1+-+N_%7BPageHits%7D+vs.+Ranking&#038;bg=fff&#038;fg=1c1c1c&#038;s=0' alt='Fig.1 - N_{PageHits} vs. Ranking' title='Fig.1 - N_{PageHits} vs. Ranking' class='latex' /></p>
<p>As <a href="http://distrowatch.com/stats.php?section=popularity">359 distribuições</a> apresentam um comportamento típico de leis sem escala, ou leis de potência. Estas distribuições aparecem numa série de fenómenos naturais. Os tremores de terra, por exemplo que são dados pela lei de Gutemberg-Ritcher:</p>
<p><img src='http://s3.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=N%28E%29%3DE%5E%7B%28-1-b%29%7D&#038;bg=fff&#038;fg=1c1c1c&#038;s=0' alt='N(E)=E^{(-1-b)}' title='N(E)=E^{(-1-b)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Outros modelos incluem por exemplo a actividade neuronal, ou o tamanho dos seres, ou ainda o caso de avalanches em modelos matemáticos como o de <a href="http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/02/05/modelo-bak-sneppen/">Bak-Sneppen</a>.</p>
<p>O próximo passo foi naturalmente representar os mesmos dados em escala logarítmica a fim de verificar se nesta escala eles se apresentavam como uma linha recta com um determinado declive:</p>
<p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/dr/425574140/" title="Photo Sharing"><img src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/175/425574140_98e4ca585a_o.png" alt="loglog" height="291" width="363" /></a></p>
<p><img src='http://s1.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Fig.2+-+log%28N_%7BPH%7D%29+vs.+log%28Rank%29&#038;bg=fff&#038;fg=1c1c1c&#038;s=0' alt='Fig.2 - log(N_{PH}) vs. log(Rank)' title='Fig.2 - log(N_{PH}) vs. log(Rank)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>O comportamento observado continuou a ser típico de uma lei de escala, embora ficasse um pouco surpreendido com a observação de que parecia haver duas zonas distintas, com declives diferentes. No fim o cut-off seria natural. As leis sem escala verificam-se sempre numa determinada gama. Para além disso verifica-se o cut-off. Mas normalmente estamos muito afastados desse cut-off. Se este cut-off não existisse isso queria dizer por exemplo que no modelo dos tremores de terra existiria certamente um tremor de terra com energia suficiente parra fazer explodir a terra. Ora a energia acumulada na terra não é ilimitada e naturalmente tem que existir um cut-off.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/dr/425574325/" title="Photo Sharing"><img src="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/148/425574325_f614892344_o.png" alt="logloganalisys" height="291" width="363" /></a></p>
<p><img src='http://s2.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=Fig.2+-+log%28N_%7BPH%7D%29+vs.+log%28Rank%29&#038;bg=fff&#038;fg=1c1c1c&#038;s=0' alt='Fig.2 - log(N_{PH}) vs. log(Rank)' title='Fig.2 - log(N_{PH}) vs. log(Rank)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Representando as duas secções importantes da e ajustando-as a uma lei de potências obtive o seguinte:</p>
<p>Para os primeiros 100 lugares do Top do <a href="http://distrowatch.com/">DistroWatch.com</a></p>
<p><img src='http://s3.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y%3D5059x%5E%7B%28-0.954%29%7D&#038;bg=fff&#038;fg=1c1c1c&#038;s=0' alt='y=5059x^{(-0.954)}' title='y=5059x^{(-0.954)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>e para a zona <img src='http://s1.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=%5B101-340%5D&#038;bg=fff&#038;fg=1c1c1c&#038;s=0' alt='[101-340]' title='[101-340]' class='latex' />:</p>
<p><img src='http://s2.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=y%3D628120x%5E%7B%28-2.027%29%7D&#038;bg=fff&#038;fg=1c1c1c&#038;s=0' alt='y=628120x^{(-2.027)}' title='y=628120x^{(-2.027)}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Como se pode ver os <img src='http://s3.wordpress.com/latex.php?latex=r%5E2&#038;bg=fff&#038;fg=1c1c1c&#038;s=0' alt='r^2' title='r^2' class='latex' /> são ambos muito altos. No entanto parece que o top é regido por duas leis diferentes com expoentes diferentes. Enquanto o expoente da primeira parte é muito próximo de <strong>-1</strong>, o segundo é muito próximo de <strong>-2</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusão</strong></p>
<p>Pensando no porquê desta diferença e porquê da transição em torno do valor 100 do ranking, presumi que o efeito se deve à presença do Top 100 na página inicial do <a href="http://distrowatch.com/">DistroWatch</a>, levando que as distos que estão nesta página tenham muito mais visibilidade e daí recebam mais hits que as restantes que não conseguem assim tanta visibilidade de consequentemente hits.</p>
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		<title>Transformações de Lorentz</title>
		<link>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/02/28/transformacoes-de-lorentz/</link>
		<comments>http://complexu.wordpress.com/2007/02/28/transformacoes-de-lorentz/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 28 Feb 2007 23:14:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>David Rodrigues</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Lorentz]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Transformações de Lorentz (wikipedia)
Lorentz Transformation
Construction of Lorentz Transformations
Hendrik Lorentz (wikipedia)
Lorentz Bio
Albert Einstein (1879–1955).  Relativity: The Special and General Theory.  1920.
XI.  The Lorentz Transformation
       <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=complexu.wordpress.com&blog=558681&post=20&subd=complexu&ref=&feed=1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class='snap_preview'><br /><p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_transformation">Transformações de Lorentz (wikipedia)</a><br />
<a href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/relativ/ltrans.html">Lorentz Transformation</a><br />
<a href="http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/sr/construction.html">Construction of Lorentz Transformations</a></p>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz (wikipedia)</a><br />
<a href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Lorentz.html">Lorentz Bio</a></p>
<p><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/173/11.html">Albert Einstein (1879–1955).  Relativity: The Special and General Theory.  1920.<br />
XI.  The Lorentz Transformation</a></p>
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